Viruses are transmitted directly and/or indirectly from human to human and from animal to human. In host cells, virus replication frequently results in an accumulation of mutations, reassortments, and ...

Antibiotic resistance happens when harmful bacteria develop ways to resist antibiotics. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics cause bacteria to become resistant, making them harder to kill. People on long ...

Secondary infections caused by bacteria or viruses during hospital care remain a long-standing global challenge, despite advances in modern medicine. In particular, mixed bacterial–viral infections in ...