Thunderstorm clouds have a lot of air moving around inside them, including updrafts and downdrafts, which can be strong. Updrafts transport tiny drops of rain and ice crystals to the top of the ...

The amount of moisture in soil – and the way this moisture is distributed – combined with wind patterns in the lowest few kilometres of the atmosphere can influence where thunderstorms begin and how ...

Satellite data show that wind conditions affect the connection between soil moisture and thunderstorms, which could be used to inform forecasting. Thunderstorm updraughts are driven by a process ...

Thunderstorms are known to form preferentially on warm, humid days with unstable air. But predicting where exactly a thunderstorm will develop has so far remained extremely difficult. Heavy rainfall ...