Learn how externalities impact economics, with examples of positive and negative outcomes, and explore solutions like taxes, subsidies, and regulations.

CONSUMPTION, production, and investment decisions of individuals, households, and firms often affect people not directly involved in the transactions. Sometimes these indirect effects are tiny. But ...

Externalities are the incidental effects that the activities or actions of one party have on another party. Positive externalities occur when the actions of a person or entity have a positive impact ...

Al Gore and David Blood’s op-ed “ESG Investing Is Consistent with Fiduciary Duty” (Nov. 9) includes two examples that highlight the best way to handle externalities, the economic term for costs ...