Earth was mostly devoid of oxygen for much of its 4.5 billion year lifetime. That is, until certain processes started to ...

Natural geological processes have been regulating Earth's climate for millions of years. Accelerated versions of these ...

For over half a billion years, Earth’s magnetic field has risen and fallen in sync with oxygen levels in the atmosphere, and scientists are finally uncovering why. A NASA-led study reveals a striking ...

ESA satellites detected a dramatic reversal in Earth’s molten core flow beneath the Pacific, revealing unexpected changes ...

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge in Iceland. This area is the boundary between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, which move apart ~ 2.5 cm/year. Subduction and the formation of continents, a ...

Explore 25 Major Events in Earth's 4.5 Billion Year History. Discover pivotal moments from its formation to the rise of life.

Scientists at Yale and in Singapore have devised what may be the ultimate acid test — a comprehensive model for estimating the origins of Earth’s habitability, based in part on ocean acidity. The new ...

Scientists have traced the origins of complex life to the breakup of the supercontinent Nuna 1.5 billion years ago. This tectonic shift reduced volcanic carbon emissions, expanded shallow seas, and ...

Geomorphology examines the origin, evolution and dynamics of Earth’s surface forms under the influence of both internal and external forces. Endogenic processes such as tectonic uplift, volcanic ...

Earth's surface environment hosts large reservoirs of hydrogen (H, mainly in the form of water, H 2 O), nitrogen (in atmospheric N 2) and carbon (mainly in carbonate rocks). H, N and C are sometimes ...