This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

Identify the independent (manipulated) and dependent (responding) variables in a scientific investigation. Draw conclusions about the relationship between two variables using quantitative data.

What buffers do: Buffers limit pH changes by using a weak acid and conjugate base pair to neutralize added acids or bases through reversible reactions. Why pKa matters: A buffer’s pKa determines the ...

Strong base is added to three different buffers and water and the effect on pH is observed.

A well-established technique, acid-base titration is an analytical method used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base. In practice, it involves adding a solution of known strength ...

Polyprotic acids can release more than one proton through sequential reactions, each defined by a unique dissociation constant. These stepwise processes shape titration curves and influence buffer ...

The pH of acidic, basic, and neutral aqueous solutions of salts is shown with ammonium chloride, sodium acetate, and sodium chloride. Place beakers containing distilled water and universal indicator ...